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Triarchic Theory- Introduction

In 1985, Robert Sternberg tried to explain intelligence in a process-oriented manner in the form of the Triarchic theory.

He explained intelligence as a process of thinking critically. That is, what is in a person’s mind while reasoning and the way in which he processes the information is intelligence.

According to Sternberg – Encoding, inferring, mapping, application and response are all done by intelligence.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

The process of processing information was presented by Sternberg in three sub theories which was called the Triarchic Theory.

1. Contextual Sub Theory:-

A person prepares himself for optimal adjustment with his environment in such a way that the best use of information, resources or ability can be made. This is considered as practical intelligence. It is the ability to apply knowledge in the real-world situations and use tacit knowledge. Example – social skills and problem-solving in daily life.

2. Experiential Sub Theory:-

A person quickly understands the problem or situation through his experience and then acts on it. This is considered creative intelligence. It is the ability to generate new creative ideas. Example – Innovative thinking and creativity.

3. Componential Sub Theory: –

It is the ability to think analytically and critically on any subject or problem. This is considered analytical intelligence. It also evaluate the information and then breakdown the problems in smaller parts. It is ability to solve the problems using logical reasoning. Example – critical thinking and problem solving in education.

Three Components

According to Sternberg there are three components of intelligence –

(i) Meta Component refers to high-level executive operations including planning and execution.

(ii) Performance Component is the process of executing a task.

(iii) Knowledge Acquisition Component refers to the processes through which a person learns new knowledge.

According to Sternberg, three types of intelligence remain active by coordinating and harmonizing contextual, experiential and componential mutually. People with successful intelligence work on problems and find solutions before they become out of control.

Sternberg argued that practical intelligence (a person’s ability to react and adapt to the world around them and creativity) is equally important while measuring an individual’s overall intelligence. [1]

Limitations and Achievements

1. Although Sternberg tried to explain intelligence in a new way as a practical ability like cognition and problem solving, yet Sternberg’s system theory is still in its initial stage. Research work on this theory is ongoing.

2. Intelligence is very important for both the individual and the society. An intelligent person tries to find a solution to the problems in a constructive manner by understanding them properly.

3. The definitions of contextual, experimental and componential intelligence are not clear which makes the difference vague.

4. The theories of intelligence have not been successful in explaining the concept and theory of intelligence in a completely accurate manner, although they have certainly given some important information about the concept and nature of intelligence.

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