Problem Solving Method and Detailed Explanation of 7 Steps

What is a Problem-Solving Method?

First, let’s understand the term “problem-solving.” When we encounter difficulties in doing something, we identify the problem, analyze its root causes, and then attempt to find a solution. This entire process is known as problem-solving. We often engage in this process in our daily lives, as we all face challenges while trying to accomplish tasks.

Definitions

D’Zurilla and Goldfried (1971) define problem solving as “a behavioral process, whether overt or covert in nature, which (a) makes available a variety of potentially effective response alternatives for dealing with the problematic situation and (b) increases the probability of selecting the most effective response from among these various alternatives.

Who gave this method?

There is often confusion regarding the origins of this method; specifically, whether it was introduced by John Dewey or George Polya. The problem-solving method was first introduced by well respected John Dewey in the context of teaching, while George Polya contributed to it from a psychological perspective.

John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer. John Dewey was the most significant educational thinker of his era and, many would argue, of the 20th century. As a philosopher, social reformer, and educator, he changed fundamental approaches to teaching and learning. His ideas about education sprang from a philosophy of pragmatism and were central to the Progressive Movement in schooling. In light of his importance, it is ironic that many of his theories have been relatively poorly understood and haphazardly applied over the past hundred years.[1] John Dewey and Jean Piaget both believed in self-regulation in intellectual thinking.

Steps of the Problem-Solving Method By John Dewey

John Dewey approved seven steps in his Problem-Solving method:

1. Identify the Problem: The first step is to recognize that a problem exists. We cannot solve anything until we identify the issue.
   For example, one morning we discovered that the glass of our classroom window is broken
   
2. Define the Problem: In this step, we aim to understand and define the exact nature of the problem. We would inform the students about the broken glass and explain the situation.
3. Collect Information: We gather all relevant information related to the problem.
   For instance, we might find pieces of shattered glass on the floor or identify any suspicious objects nearby.
4. Formulate Hypotheses: After reviewing all the information and connecting the dots, we generate thought-provoking hypotheses about potential causes and solutions. These hypotheses are essentially educated guesses regarding why the problem occurred.
   The teacher and students will discuss possible explanations, such as wind, someone throwing a stone, or an attempt to enter through the window.
5. Test the Hypotheses: In this step, we evaluate each hypothesis one by one to determine which is most reliable.
   The teacher will discuss each potential cause suggested by the students and check its validity. For example, if yesterday’s weather was clear, then wind is unlikely to be a factor. If someone threw a stone, there should be evidence of it in the classroom, but if there is no stone present, that hypothesis may be dismissed.
6. Construct a Physical Model: Next, we physically examine our hypotheses rather than just considering them abstractly. Creating a physical representation allows for more realistic and accurate results.
   The teacher and students can simulate a scenario where someone attempts to enter through the window.
7. Verification of Results: After constructing the physical model, we verify whether our conclusions are correct or if we need to revisit our ideas.
   If the model demonstrates that it is indeed possible for someone to enter through the window, then the group may decide to install iron grills on the window to prevent future incidents.

Problem Solving Method By George Polya

George Polya was a Hungarian-American mathematician. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Budapest. He was a professor of mathematics from 1914 to 1940 at ETH Zürich and from 1940 to 1953 at Stanford University.

George Polya became famous after his book “How to Solve It“, in which he describe problem solving method and this method is different from Jhon Dwey’s method and views.

George Polya outlines four essential steps for effective Problem Solving:

1. Understand the Problem: In this initial step, it is crucial to grasp the nature of the problem so that we can identify its possible causes and solutions. Students should read the problem carefully, analyze it, and explore its meaning. As a teacher, you can enhance this process by facilitating group discussions in a secure and friendly environment. Be available to assist students who encounter difficulties, guiding them to a clearer understanding of the situation or problem.
2. Devise a Plan: In this step, you will create a strategic plan for solving the problem. Encourage students to engage in mind mapping, create graphs, or develop tables to promote diverse thinking. The goal is to strategize systematically about how to approach the problem. Explore different possibilities and causes together, ensuring that every child participates so no one falls behind. After this brainstorming session, discuss potential solutions that can be applied.
   
3. Try: Now it’s time to test the proposed solutions. Check if the identified causes align with the problem and try each solution one by one. This process will help students find the most accurate solution while building their confidence in their reasoning. Encourage them to visualize their tests through charts, pictures, or other visual aids so that all students can see the outcomes and provide feedback on their thinking. Give them the opportunity to analyze their solutions independently, which will help them gain the ability to discuss their work with confidence.
4. Revisit the Solution: In the final step, students evaluate their strategies after arriving at a solution. They should document the actual sequence of their problem-solving method and assess what was necessary and what could be omitted. This reflection allows them to learn from any mistakes made during the process. Provide students with the chance to analyze their work, enabling them to reflect on their learning, skills, abilities, and areas for improvement.

What is the importance of Problem Solving?

1. Essential Skill: Problem solving is crucial in daily life, helping us navigate challenges and avoid feeling stuck.
2. Development in Students: It’s important for students to cultivate problem-solving skills to manage obstacles and prevent overwhelm.
3. Life Stages: We face various problems throughout life—school, college, work, marriage, and parenting—making regular practice essential.
4. Enhances Time Management: A systematic approach to problem solving leads to accurate results more efficiently, reducing trial and error.
5. Fosters Critical Thinking: It encourages analysis of situations and consideration of abstract possibilities, even when direct solutions aren’t clear.
6. Avoids Risks: Strong problem-solving skills help prevent impulsive decisions that could lead to unnecessary risks.
7. Facilitates Personal Growth: It ensures we don’t remain stagnant in challenging situations, promoting continuous development.
8. Tracks Progress: Problem solving allows us to assess our journey, helping us determine if we’re on the right path or need to adjust our approach.

Enhancing Problem-Solving Effectiveness in the Classroom

1. Connect with Real-Life Problems: Start by identifying problems relevant to students’ lives. This connection will engage them and make the problem more effective.
2. Define the Problem at an Appropriate Level: Clearly explain the problem in a way that is suitable for the student’s understanding. If the explanation is unclear, students may lose interest, leading to less fruitful results.
3. Encourage Hypothesis Generation: Foster an environment where students feel comfortable brainstorming multiple hypotheses. Encourage them to think creatively and explore various possibilities.
4. Embrace All Ideas: Avoid discouraging students from sharing their thoughts, even if they seem unconventional. Every idea can contribute to the discussion and may lead to valuable insights.
5. Involve Everyone: Ensure that all students have the opportunity to participate. This inclusivity helps everyone feel secure and valued within the classroom community.
6. Practice Regularly: Use this problem-solving technique frequently in class. Regular practice will help students apply these skills in real-life situations, reinforcing their learning and confidence.

Merits of Problem Solving:

• It helps students build confidence.
• By learning this skill, individuals can solve their problems in life easily and effectively.
• It enables us to address issues without making silly mistakes.
• It provides an understanding of the entire problem-solving process.
• It fosters abstract thinking.
• Group discussions promote cooperation and collaboration among students.
• It encourages critical thinking and allows for brainstorming, which is an essential skill.
• It is a child-centered method, especially when teachers empower children and ensure that each student has the opportunity to participate.

Demerits of Problem Solving method

• It is a time-consuming method that requires proper time allocation, which may not be feasible in a classroom with a fixed syllabus.
• Teachers need to be adequately prepared for this method; however, many educators are already burdened and may not be fully prepared.
• At times, teachers may dominate the process, turning it into a teacher-centered approach rather than a student-centered one.
• This method requires teacher training; if educators are not trained and lack familiarity with the approach, student engagement may suffer.
• Group discussions can create noise and disrupt the classroom environment.
•  Completing the syllabus can be challenging while using this particular method, as it demands patience and time which are often in short supply.
•  Occasionally, discussions may not lead to a solution, leaving problems unresolved and potentially discouraging students.